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2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 70(4): 357-363, July-Aug. 2020. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1137204

ABSTRACT

Abstract Study objective: In this study, we aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of bupivacaine and fentanyl citrate and to reveal the impact on antimicrobial effect potential in the case of combined use. Design: In vitro prospective study. Setting: University Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Measurements: In our study, in vitro antimicrobial effect of 0.05 mg.mL-1 fentanyl citrate, 5 mg.mL-1 bupivacaine were tested against Staphylococcus aureus American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 as Group F (Fentanyl Citrate) and Group B (Bupivacaine), respectively. S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were cultured onto Mueller Hinton agar (Oxoid, UK) plates and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar (Oxoid, UK) plates for 18-24 hours at 37 °C. Main results: In terms of inhibition zone diameters, S. Aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and C. albicans ATCC10231 values obtained after 12 and 24 hours of incubation ​​were significantly higher in Group F than Group B (p < 0.001). In terms of inhibition zone diameters, E. coli ATCC 25922, and K. pneumomiae ATCC 13883 values obtained after 12 and 24 hours of incubation ​​were significantly higher in Group B than Group F (p < 0.001, E. coli 12ª hour p = 0.005). Conclusions: Addition of fentanyl to Local Anesthetics (LAs) is often preferred in regional anesthesia applications in today's practice owing especially to its effect on decreasing the local anesthetic dose and increasing analgesia quality and patient satisfaction. However, when the fact that fentanyl antagonized the antimicrobial effects of LAs in the studies is taken into account, it might be though that it contributes to an increase in infection complications. When the fact that fentanyl citrate which was used in our study and included hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide as protective agents, broadened the antimicrobial effect spectrum of LAs, had no antagonistic effect and showed a synergistic antimicrobial effect against E. Coli is considered, we are of the opinion that the addition of fentanyl to LAs would contribute significantly in preventing the increasing regional anesthesia infection complications.


Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os efeitos antimicrobianos da bupivacaína e citrato de fentanil e revelar o impacto no potencial do efeito antimicrobiano no caso de uso combinado. Desenho: Estudo prospectivo in vitro. Local: Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica da Universidade. Medidas: Em nosso estudo, os efeitos antimicrobianos in vitro do citrato de fentanil na concentração de 0,05 mg.mL-1 - Grupo F e da bupivacaína na concentração de 5 mg.mL-1 - Grupo B foram testados em culturas de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (do inglês American Type Culture Collection 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 e Candida albicans ATCC 10231. As culturas de S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 e Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 foram semeadas em placas de ágar Mueller Hinton (Oxoid, Reino Unido), e a cultura de Candida albicans ATCC 10231 foi realizada em placa de ágar Sabouraud dextrose (Oxoid, Reino Unido) durante 18-24 horas a 37 °C. Principais resultados: Com relação ao diâmetro da zona de inibição, os valores de S. aureus ATCC 29213, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 e C. albicans ATCC10231 obtidos após 12 e 24 horas de incubação foram significantemente maiores no Grupo F do que no Grupo B (p < 0,001). Os valores do diâmetro da zona de inibição das culturas de E. coli ATCC 25922 e K. pneumomiae ATCC 13883 obtidos após 12 e 24 horas de incubação foram significantemente maiores no Grupo B do que no Grupo F (p < 0,001, E. coli na 12ª hora p = 0,005) Conclusões: A preferência atual e frequente pela adição de fentanil aos Anestésicos Locais (AL) para a realização de anestesia regional se deve sobretudo à possibilidade de redução da dose do anestésico local, a melhora na qualidade da analgesia e a satisfação do paciente. No entanto, ao considerar estudos em que o fentanil antagonizou o efeito antimicrobiano dos AL, pode-se pensar que esse fato contribua para aumento de complicação infecciosa. O citrato de fentanil usado em nosso estudo, contendo ácido clorídrico e hidróxido de sódio como agentes conservantes, ampliou o espectro de efeitos antimicrobianos dos AL, não teve efeito antagônico e demonstrou efeito antimicrobiano sinérgico contra a E. coli. Acreditamos que a adição de fentanil aos anestésicos locais traria importante contribuição na prevenção das crescentes complicações por infecção da anestesia regional.


Subject(s)
Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Fentanyl/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Sodium Hydroxide/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Drug Synergism , Hydrochloric Acid/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Anti-Infective Agents/administration & dosage
3.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 70(3): 220-224, May-June 2020. graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1137187

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: The association between local anesthetics (LA) and neuromuscular blocking (NMB) drugs in clinical practice, and the possibility of interaction between these drugs has been investigated. LAs act on neuromuscular transmission in a dose-dependent manner and may potentiate the effects of NMB drugs. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in an experimental model, the effect of lidocaine and racemic bupivacaine on neuromuscular transmission and the influence on neuromuscular blockade produced by atracurium. Methods: Male Wistar rats, weighing from 250 to 300 g were used. The preparation was set up based on a technique proposed by Bülbring. Groups were formed (n = 5) according to the drug studied: lidocaine 20 µg.mL−1 (Group I); racemic bupivacaine 5 µg.mL−1 (Group II); atracurium 20 µg.mL−1 (Group III); atracurium 20 µg.mL−1 in a preparation previously exposed to lidocaine 20 µg.mL−1 and racemic bupivacaine 5 µg.mL−1, Groups IV and V, respectively. The following parameters were assessed: 1) Amplitude of hemi diaphragmatic response to indirect stimulation before and 60 minutes after addition of the drugs; 2) Membrane potentials (MP) and miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs). Results: Lidocaine and racemic bupivacaine alone did not alter the amplitude of muscle response. With previous use of lidocaine and racemic bupivacaine, the neuromuscular blockade (%) induced by atracurium was 86.66 ± 12.48 and 100, respectively, with a significant difference (p = 0.003), in comparison to the blockade produced by atracurium alone (55.7 ± 11.22). These drugs did not alter membrane potential. Lidocaine initially increased the frequency of MEPPs, followed by blockade. With the use of bupivacaine, the blockade was progressive. Conclusions: Lidocaine and racemic bupivacaine had a presynaptic effect expressed by alterations in MEPPs, which may explain the interaction and potentiation of NMB produced by atracurium.


Resumo Introdução: A associação de anestésicos locais (AL) com bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM) na prática clínica e a possibilidade de interação entre esses fármacos têm sido investigadas. Objetivo: Avaliar, em modelo experimental, o efeito da lidocaína e da bupivacaína racêmica na transmissão neuromuscular e sua influência no bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo atracúrio. Método: Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, peso entre 250 e 300 g. A preparação foi feita de acordo com a técnica proposta por Bulbring. Grupos (n = 5) de acordo com o fármaco em estudo: lidocaína 20 µg.mL-1 (Grupo I); bupivacaína racêmica 5 µg.mL-1 (Grupo II); atracúrio 20 µg.mL-1 (Grupo III); atracúrio 20 µg.mL-1 em preparação previamente exposta a lidocaína 20 µg.mL-1 e bupivacaína racêmica 5 µg.mL-1, Grupos IV e V, respectivamente. Foram avaliados: 1) A amplitude das respostas do hemidiafragma à estimulação indireta antes e 60 minutos após a adição dos fármacos; 2) Os potenciais de membrana (PM) e os potenciais de placa terminal em miniatura (PPTM). Resultados: Os AL, isoladamente, não alteraram a amplitude das respostas musculares. Com o uso prévio dos AL, o bloqueio neuromuscular (%) do atracúrio foi 86,66 ± 12,48 e 100, respectivamente, com diferença significante (p= 0,003) em relação ao produzido pelo atracúrio isoladamente (55,7 ± 11,22). Não alteraram o PM. A lidocaína inicialmente aumentou a frequência dos PPTM, seguido de bloqueio; com a bupivacaína, o bloqueio foi progressivo. Conclusão: A lidocaína e a bupivacaína racêmica apresentaram efeito pré-sináptico expresso por alterações nos PPTM, podem justificar a potencialização do bloqueio neuromuscular produzido pelo atracúrio.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Atracurium/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Neuromuscular Blockade , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Lidocaine/pharmacology , Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects , Neuromuscular Junction/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Drug Interactions
4.
Rev. chil. anest ; 49(1): 168-171, 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1510430

ABSTRACT

Systemic toxicity by local anesthetics (LAs) is a severe and feared complication in anesthetic practice that generally results from the administration of an inappropriately high dose of LAs or an injection at an inappropriate place, either intravascular or a site with high absorption[1]. However, it is known that the susceptibility to these drugs may vary within the population, which may occur due to genetic changes in the LA binding site, located in the potential-dependent Na+ channels (Nav), thus increasing or decreasing its affinity and, therefore, its clinical consequences. We present a case of a 61 years-old female patient with a medical history of increased sensitivity to LAs. In this scenario, a genetic study was performed to exclude a Nav channel dysfunction.


La toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales (ALs) es una grave y temida complicación en la práctica anestésica que generalmente resulta de la administración de una dosis inapropiadamente alta de ALs o a una inyección en un lugar inadecuado, llámese intravascular o un sitio al alta absorción[1]. A pesar de lo anterior, es conocido que la susceptibilidad al efecto de estos fármacos puede variar dentro de la población, lo cual puede ocurrir debido a cambios genéticos en el sitio de unión de los AL, localizado en los canales de Na+ dependientes de potencial (Nav), incrementando o disminuyendo así su afinidad y, por ende, sus consecuencias clínicas. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 61 años con historia de sensibilidad aumentada a Als. En este escenario, se le ofreció un estudio genético para excluir una disfunción específica a nivel de canal Nav


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Sodium Channels/drug effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Drug Hypersensitivity/genetics , Anesthetics, Local/adverse effects , Lidocaine/adverse effects , Sodium Channels/genetics , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Lidocaine/pharmacology
5.
Rev. chil. anest ; 49(1): 141-145, 2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1510352

ABSTRACT

Ultrasound regional blockade emerged that blocks the branches of the femoral nerve, obturator and accessory obturator that innervate the anterior hip capsule, the PENG block (group of pericapsular nerves), which by its Recent description does not have enough evidence in medical practice. To verify the analgesic effect of the PENG block in patients with hip fracture and its analgesic permanence during the first 10 hours after the block in patients admitted with a diagnosis of hip fracture, at the General Interzonal Hospital of Acute "Dr Oscar E Alende "From Mar del Plata, Argentina, in the months of May to November 2019. A prospective descriptive observational study was carried out with a total of 53 patients, hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of hip fracture, with standardized intravenous analgesic scheme and who have not yet undergone hip surgery. Pain was evaluated with the EVA scale (visual analog scale) prior to the blockage, and then at 30 min and 10 hours after the blockade, 15 ml of 1% lidocaine and 15 ml of bupivacaine at 0 were used. 25%, convex or linear ultrasound probe according to patient weight and 100 mm needle. In order to reproduce and evaluate the pain, the patients had a 30º flexion of the hip. Prior to the blockade, 66% of the patients had severe pain and 34% moderate pain, none presented mild pain or absence, both at thirty minutes and ten hours after the blockade, no patient presented severe pain and all patients presented analgesia with a decrease in more than three points on the VAS scale, in some cases reaching a decrease of 10 points on that scale. The PENG block is a regional anesthesia technique that provides very good analgesia to patients with hip fractures, therefore, it is an excellent saving strategy for systemic analgesics. Knowing the analgesia provided by the blockade at 30 min and at 10 h, it could be performed both in the preoperative period for the transfer and mobilization of the patient, as well as in the postoperative period, which could save the use of opioids and decrease hospital stay.


INTRODUCCIÓN La fractura de cadera es una emergencia ortopédica común en ancianos asociada a gran morbimortalidad, una adecuada analgesia regional perioperatoria determina un ahorro en el uso de analgésicos sistémicos. Recientemente, en el año 2018, surgió un nuevo bloqueo regional ecoguiado muy prometedor que bloquea las ramas del nervio femoral, obturador y obturador accesorio que inervan la capsula anterior de la cadera, el bloqueo PENG (grupo de nervios pericapsulares), el cual por su reciente descripción no cuenta con la suficiente evidencia en la práctica médica. OBJETIVOS: Comprobar el efecto analgésico del bloqueo PENG en pacientes con fractura de cadera y su permanencia analgésica durante las 10 primeras horas posteriores al bloqueo en los pacientes internados con diagnóstico de fractura de cadera, en el Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos "Dr. Oscar E Alende" de Mar del Plata, Argentina, en los meses de mayo a noviembre del 2019. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo con un total de 53 pacientes, se incluyeron pacientes internados con diagnóstico de fractura de cadera, con esquema analgésico endovenoso estandarizado y que aún no hayan sido sometido a cirugía de cadera. Se evaluó el dolor con la escala EVA (escala análoga visual) previo al bloqueo, y luego a los 30 min y a las 10 Hs de haber realizado el bloqueo, para este se utilizaron 15 ml lidocaína 1% y 15 ml de bupivacaína al 0,25%, sonda ecográfica convexa o lineal según el peso del paciente y aguja 100 mm. Para reproducir y evaluar el dolor se les realizo a los pacientes una flexión de 30º de la cadera. RESULTADOS: Previo al bloqueo el 66% de los pacientes tuvieron dolor severo y 34% dolor moderado, ninguno presentaba dolor leve o ausencia del mismo, tanto a los treinta minutos como a las diez horas posteriores al bloqueo ningún paciente presento dolor severo y todos los pacientes presentaron analgesia con una disminución en más de tres puntos en la escala de EVA, llegando en algunos casos a una disminución de 10 puntos de dicha escala. CONCLUSIONES: El bloqueo PENG es una técnica de anestesia regional que brinda muy buena analgesia a los pacientes con fractura de cadera, por consiguiente, es una excelente estrategia ahorradora de analgésicos sistémicos. Conociendo la analgesia que brinda el bloqueo a los 30 min y a las 10 h de realizado, se podría realizar dicho bloqueo tanto en el preoperatorio para el traslado y movilización del paciente, como en el post-operatorio, lo que podría ahorrar el uso de opioides y disminuir la estancia hospitalaria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hip Fractures/diagnostic imaging , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Time Factors , Pain Measurement , Preoperative Care , Prospective Studies , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Femoral Nerve/drug effects , Femoral Nerve/diagnostic imaging , Anesthesia, Conduction/methods , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Obturator Nerve/drug effects , Obturator Nerve/diagnostic imaging
6.
RFO UPF ; 24(1)29/03/2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1049272

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: evidenciar a importância do conhecimento farmacológico na odontologia e identificar as principais interações medicamentosas que podem ocorrer nesse âmbito, fornecendo informações para uma prescrição mais segura e eficaz. Revisão de literatura: foi possível observar que as classes mais prescritas na prática odontológica são os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (Aines), antibióticos e analgésicos. As interações mais expressivas em relação aos Aines são com anticoagulantes, provocando aumento de risco de sangramento, fármacos anti-hipertensivos, reduzindo a eficácia anti-hipertensiva, e Lítio, aumentando a toxicidade dessa droga; além disso, podem interagir com fármacos como Efavirenz ou Naltrexona, potencializando risco de lesão hepática. Para antibióticos, as interações mais comuns são: com etanol, podendo ocasionar reação tipo dissulfiram; com Etinilestradiol, comprometendo a eficácia contraceptiva; além de interações importantes com anticoagulantes, Isotretinoina e Metotrexato. Opioides associados a benzodiazepínicos ou a outros depressores, como a Amitriptilina, podem resultar em profunda sedação; interações com a Fluoxetina podem diminuir a analgesia. Considerações finais: há significativa possibilidade de interações medicamentosas na odontologia, podendo comprometer a saúde dos pacientes, sendo importante o conhecimento do cirurgião-dentista sobre as possíveis interações e seus potenciais riscos, a fim de evitar complicações durante o tratamento.(AU)


Objective: to highlight the importance of pharmacological knowledge in dentistry and to identify the main drug interactions that may occur in this area, providing information for a safer and more effective prescription. Literature review: It is possible to observe that the most prescribed classes in dental practice are NSAIDs, antibiotics and analgesics. The most significant interactions with NSAIDs occur with anticoagulants (which cause increased risk of bleeding), antihypertensive drugs (which reduce anti-hypertensive efficacy) and lithium, which increase the toxicity of this drug. In addition, NSAIDs may interact with drugs such as Efavirenz or Naltrexone, which increase the risk of liver damage. For antibiotics, the most common interactions take place with ethanol, (which may lead to disulfiram-like reactions), ethinyl estradiol (which compromise contraceptive efficacy); in addition to important interactions with anticoagulants, isotretinoin and methotrexate. Opioids, associated with benzodiazepines or other depressants such as amitriptyline, may result in heavy sedation; while interaction with fluoxetine may decrease analgesia. Final considerations: there is a significant possibility of drug interactions in dentistry, which may compromise patients' health. The dental surgeon's knowledge about possible interactions and their potential risks is important in order to avoid complications during treatment.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Dentistry , Drug Interactions , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Risk Factors , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
7.
Biol. Res ; 52: 36, 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1019501

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recent evidences indicated that some local anaesthetic agents played a role in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells; Whether ropivacaine is able to promote apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ropivacaine on the apoptosis of HCC cells. METHODS: In the present study, we treated the HCC cell lines, Bel7402 and HLE with ropivacaine. MTT, DAPI stain, trypan blue exclusion dye assay, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, computational simulation, laser confocal microscope, Western blotting, and enzyme activity analysis of caspase-3 were applied to detect the growth and apoptosis of HCC cells and to explore the role mechanism of ropivacaine. RESULTS: Ropivacaine was able to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of HCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ropivacaine also has a trait to inhibit the migration of HCC cells; ropivacaine damaged the mitochondria of HCC cells. The results also indicated that ropivacaine was able to interact with caspase-3, promote cytoplasmic caspase-3 migration into the nucleus, stimulate cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1, caspase-9 proteins, inhibit the expression of Bcl-2, promote expression of Apaf-1 and mitochondria release cytochrome C, and activate the activity of caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine has a novel role in promoting apoptosis of HCC cells; The role mechanism of ropivacaine maybe involve in damaging the function of mitochondria and activating the caspase-3 signalling pathway in HCC cells. Our findings provide novel insights into the local anaesthetic agents in the therapy of HCC patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis/drug effects , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Caspase 3/metabolism , Ropivacaine/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Apoptosis/physiology , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism , Microscopy, Confocal , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Flow Cytometry , Liver Neoplasms/metabolism , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Mitochondria/drug effects
8.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 77(5): 244-247, set.-out. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-977870

ABSTRACT

Abstract Purpose: To assess the non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) and tear meniscus height (TMH) after instilling the three different types of anesthetic eye drops by Oculus Keratograph 5M. Methods: In this prospective study, 85 healthy subjects (85 eyes) were randomly divided into three groups. The groups were randomly received lidocaine hydrochloride 2%, proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%, and tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5%. The qualitative and quantitative parameters of tear film were assessed using NITBUT and TMH, respectively. In all groups, the quantity of tear film using TMH was measured in the right eye of subjects, while the quality of tear film using NITBUT was assessed in the left eye. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference between before and after the intervention. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Differences for TMH and NITBUT between before and after applying lidocaine hydrochloride 2% were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The mean values of NITBUT and TMH after the instillation of proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% showed a significant decrease than before the intervention (P < 0.05). Also, after the use of tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5%, the mean value of NITBUT was significantly increased (P < 0.05), but the mean value of TMH was significantly decreased than before the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study showed that lidocaine hydrochloride 2% as an anesthetic eye drops can be an appropriate choice for eye examinations due to a lack of significant effect on the quantity and quality of tear film.


Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o tempo de ruptura lacrimal não invasivo (NITBUT) e a altura do menisco lacrimal (TMH) após instilar os três tipos diferentes de colírio anestésico pelo Oculus Keratograph 5M. Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, 85 indivíduos saudáveis (85 olhos) foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. Os grupos receberam aleatoriamente cloridrato de lidocaína a 2%, cloridrato de proparacaína a 0.5% e cloridrato de tetracaína a 0.5%. Os parâmetros qualitativos e quantitativos do filme lacrimal foram avaliados utilizando NITBUT e TMH, respectivamente. Em todos os grupos, a quantidade de filme lacrimal utilizando TMH foi medida no olho direito dos sujeitos, enquanto a qualidade do filme lacrimal usando NITBUT foi avaliada no olho esquerdo. A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi utilizada para comparar a diferença entre antes e depois da intervenção. Um valor de P < 0.05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Diferenças para TMH e NITBUT entre antes e depois da aplicação de cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% não foram estatisticamente significantes (P > 0.05). Os valores médios de NITBUT e TMH após a instilação de cloridrato de proparacaína a 0.5% mostraram uma diminuição significativa do que antes da intervenção (P < 0.05). Além disso, após o uso de cloridrato de tetracaína a 0.5%, o valor médio de NITBUT foi significativamente aumentado (P < 0.05), mas o valor médio de TMH foi significativamente menor do que antes da intervenção (P < 0.05). Conclusão: Nosso estudo mostrou que o cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% como colírio anestésico pode ser uma escolha apropriada para exames oftalmológicos devido à falta de efeito significativo sobre a quantidade e a qualidade do filme lacrimal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Ophthalmic Solutions , Propoxycaine/pharmacology , Tears/drug effects , Tetracaine/pharmacology , Corneal Topography/instrumentation , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Lidocaine/pharmacology , Propoxycaine/administration & dosage , Tears/diagnostic imaging , Tetracaine/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Cornea/anatomy & histology , Corneal Topography/methods , Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/instrumentation , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/administration & dosage
9.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 68(2): 115-121, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897822

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: The risk of systemic bupivacaine toxicity is a persistent problem, which makes its pharmacokinetic study fundamental for regional anesthesia safety. There is little evidence of its influence on plasma peak at different concentrations. The present study compares two bupivacaine concentrations to establish how the concentration affects this drug plasma peak in axillary brachial plexus block. Postoperative latency and analgesia were also compared. Methods: 30 patients were randomized. In the 0.25% Group, 0.25% bupivacaine (10 mL) was injected per nerve. In the 0.5% Group, 0.5% bupivacaine (5 mL) was injected per nerve. Peripheral blood samples were collected during the first 2 h after the blockade. For sample analyses, high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used. Results: Plasma peak occurred 45 min after the blockade, with no difference between groups at the assessed time-points. Plasma peak was 933.97 ± 328.03 ng.mL−1 (mean ± SD) in 0.25% Group and 1022.79 ± 253.81 ng.mL−1 in 0.5% Group (p = 0.414). Latency was lower in 0.5% Group than in 0.25% Group (10.67 ± 3.71 × 17.33 min ± 5.30, respectively, p = 0.004). No patient had pain within the first 4 h after the blockade. Conclusion: For axillary brachial plexus block, there was no difference in bupivacaine plasma peak despite the use of different concentrations with the same local anesthetic mass. The concentration inversely influenced latency.


Resumo Introdução: O risco de intoxicação sistêmica pelo uso da bupivacaína é um problema persistente e torna seu estudo farmacocinético fundamental para a segurança da anestesia regional. São escassas as evidências sobre a influência de diferentes concentrações no pico plasmático desse fármaco. O presente estudo compara duas concentrações de bupivacaína para estabelecer como a concentração afeta o pico plasmático desse fármaco no bloqueio do plexo braquial via axilar. Também se compararam latência e analgesia pós-operatória. Métodos: Foram randomizados 30 pacientes. No Grupo 0,25%, injetaram-se 10 mL de bupivacaína 0,25% por nervo. No Grupo 0,5%, injetaram-se 5 mL de bupivacaína 0,5% por nervo. Amostras de sangue periférico foram colhidas durante as duas primeiras horas após o bloqueio. Para análise das amostras, usou-se a cromatografia líquida de alta frequência acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas. Resultados: O pico plasmático ocorreu 45 minutos após o bloqueio, sem diferença entre os grupos nos tempos avaliados. O pico plasmático (média ± DP) foi 933,97 ± 328,03 ng.mL−1 no Grupo 0,25% e 1.022,79 ± 253,81 ng.mL−1 no Grupo 0,5% (p = 0,414). O Grupo 0,5% apresentou menor latência com relação ao Grupo 0,25% (10,67 ± 3,71 × 17,33 min ± 5,30; respectivamente; p = 0,004). Nenhum paciente apresentou dor nas primeiras quatro horas após o bloqueio. Conclusão: Para o bloqueio do plexo braquial via axilar, não foi detectada diferença no pico plasmático de bupivacaína apesar do uso de diferentes concentrações, com a mesma massa de anestésico local. A concentração influenciou inversamente a latência.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Brachial Plexus , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacokinetics , Nerve Block/methods , Axilla , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Prospective Studies , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
10.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 67(1): 42-49, Jan.-Feb. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843353

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: In this study it was aimed to examine the histological and morphometric effects on cartilage structure of intra-articular application of levobupivacaine to the shoulder joint. Methods: In twenty New Zealand adult male rabbits, 35 shoulders were used for the study and prepared in 5 groups of 7. These groups were defined as Groups L1, L2, L3 and L4 which were right shoulders administered with 0.25% and 0.5% levobupivacaine, Group C which were left shoulders as the control group and Groups S1 and S2 which were left shoulders administered with 0.9% saline. On the 2nd and 15th days the animals were killed, the glenohumeral joints were evaluated macroscopically then cartilage samples were taken. These samples were evaluated with Mankin score, and histomorphometrically by measuring the thickness of the cartilage between the superficial cartilage layer and the tidemark and the thickness of calcified cartilage between the tidemark and the subchondral bone. Results: Macroscopically, on the 15th day the joint fluid was seen to have reduced in all the groups. After microscopic evaluation, the highest Mankin score (mean: 3.14 ± 2.1/14) was in the L4 group (15th day 0.5% levobupivacaine) and was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the other groups. Conclusions: Histologically, as the highest Mankin score was in the L4 group, this indicates that in a single intra-articular injection of levobupivacaine a low concentration should be selected. Level of evidence: Level 5, animal study.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: Neste estudo o objetivo foi examinar os efeitos histológicos e morfométricos sobre a estrutura da cartilagem da aplicação intra-articular de levobupivacaína em articulação do ombro. Métodos: Trinta e cinco ombros de 20 coelhos New Zealand, machos e adultos, foram usados para o estudo e divididos em cinco grupos de sete. Os grupos foram definidos como L1, L2, L3 e L4, consistiram em ombros direitos nos quais levobupivacaína a 0,25% e 0,5% foi administrada; o Grupo C, que consistiu em ombros esquerdos, foi o grupo controle; os grupos S1 e S2, que consistiram em ombros esquerdos, receberam solução salina a 0,9%. Os animais foram sacrificados no segundo e no 15º dia; as articulações glenoumerais foram avaliadas macroscopicamente e, em seguida, amostras de cartilagem foram coletadas. As amostras foram avaliadas com o escore de Mankin e histomorfometricamente. Mediu-se a espessura da cartilagem entre a camada superficial e a "linha de maré" (tidemark) e a espessura da cartilagem calcificada entre a tidemark e o osso subcondral. Resultados: Macroscopicamente, observou-se no 15º dia que o líquido articular havia reduzido em todos os grupos. Após a avaliação microscópica, o maior escore de Mankin (média: 3,14 ± 2,1/14) foi observado no grupo L4 (15º dia levobupivacaína a 0,5%), considerado estatisticamente significativo (p < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi determinada entre os outros grupos. Conclusões: Histologicamente, como o maior escore de Mankin foi observado no Grupo L4, isso indica que em uma única injeção intra-articular de levobupivacaína uma concentração baixa deve ser selecionada. Nível de evidência: Nível 5, estudo em animais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Shoulder Joint/drug effects , Bupivacaine/analogs & derivatives , Cartilage, Articular/drug effects , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Rabbits , Shoulder Joint/anatomy & histology , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Cartilage, Articular/anatomy & histology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Levobupivacaine , Injections, Intra-Articular , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage
11.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 66(4): 346-350, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787624

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine on duration of sensory blockade of spinal anesthesia in chronic opioid users in comparison with non-addicts. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia were allocated into four groups: group 1 (no history of opium use who received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine along with 1 mL saline as placebo); group 2 (no history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1 mL sufentanil [5 µg]); group 3 (positive history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1 mL saline as placebo) and group 4 (positive history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1 mL sufentanil [5 µg]). The onset time and duration of sensory and motor blockade were measured. Results: The duration of sensory blockade in group 3 was 120 ± 23.1 min which was significantly less than other groups (G1 = 148 ± 28.7, G2 = 144 ± 26.4, G4 = 139 ± 24.7, p = 0.007). The duration of motor blockade in group 3 was 145 ± 30.0 min which was significantly less than other groups (G1 = 164 ± 36.0, G2 = 174 ± 26.8, G4 = 174 ± 24.9, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Addition of 5 µg intrathecal sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine in chronic opioid users lengthened the sensory and motor duration of blockade to be equivalent to blockade measured in non-addicts.


Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da adição de sufentanil à bupivacaína hiperbárica na duração do bloqueio sensorial da raquianestesia em usuários crônicos de opioides em comparação com não adictos. Métodos: Foram distribuídos em quatro grupos 60 pacientes agendados para cirurgia ortopédica sob raquianestesia: Grupo 1 (sem história de uso de ópio, recebeu bupivacaína hiperbárica intratecal juntamente com 1 mL de solução salina como placebo); Grupo 2 (sem história de uso de ópio, recebeu bupivacaína intratecal juntamente com 1 mL de sufentanil [5 µg]); Grupo 3 (com história de uso de ópio, recebeu bupivacaína intratecal juntamente com 1 mL de solução salina como placebo) e Grupo 4 (com história de uso de ópio, recebeu bupivacaína intratecal juntamente com 1 mL de sufentanil [5 µg]). O tempo de início e a duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor foram registrados. Resultados: A duração do bloqueio sensorial no Grupo 3 foi de 120 ± 23,1 min, um tempo significativamente menor do que nos outros grupos (G1 = 148 ± 28,7, G2 = 144 ± 26,4, G4 = 139 ± 24,7, p = 0,007). A duração do bloqueio motor no Grupo 3 foi de 145 ± 30,0 min, um tempo significativamente menor do que nos outros grupos (G1 = 164 ± 36.0, G2 = 174 ± 26.8, G4 = 174 ± 24,9; p = 0,03). Conclusões: A adição de 5 µg de sufentanil intratecal à bupivacaína hiperbárica em usuários crônicos de opioides aumenta a duração dos bloqueios sensorial e motor de forma equivalente ao bloqueio avaliado em não adictos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Opium/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Sufentanil/pharmacology , Substance-Related Disorders/complications , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Anesthesia, Spinal/methods , Time Factors , Chronic Disease , Drug Therapy, Combination , Drug Users , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
12.
Acta cir. bras ; 31(7): 486-489,
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787260

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of levobupivacaine on neuromuscular transmission and neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium in vitro. METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into groups (n = 5) according to the drug used alone or in combination: Group I - levobupivacaine (5 µg.mL-1); Group II - pancuronium (2 µg.mL-1); Group III - pancuronium (2 µg.mL-1) + levobupivacaine (5µg.mL-1). The following parameters were evaluated: 1) amplitude of diaphragmatic response to indirect stimulation, before and 60 minutes after the addition of levobupivacaine and pancuronium alone, and after the addition of levobupivacaine combined with pancuronium; 2) membrane potentials (MP) and miniature endplate potentials (MEPP). RESULTS: Levobupivacaine alone did not alter the amplitude of muscle response and MP. In preparations previoulsy exposed to levobupivacaine, the block with pancuronium was significantly denser (90.2 ± 15.2%), showing a significant difference (p=0.031) in comparison to the block produced by pancuronium alone (48.9% ± 9.8%). There was a decrease in the frequency and amplitude of MEPPs. CONCLUSION: Levobupivacaine potentiated the neuromuscular blockade produced by pancuronium, confirming a presynaptic action by a decrease in miniature endplate potentials.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Pancuronium/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/analogs & derivatives , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects , Neuromuscular Blockade , Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Diaphragm/drug effects , Diaphragm/innervation , Rats, Wistar , Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents/pharmacology , Synaptic Transmission/physiology , Models, Animal , Drug Therapy, Combination , Electric Stimulation/methods , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Membrane Potentials/physiology , Neuromuscular Junction/physiology
13.
Bauru; s.n; 2016. 138 p. tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-881841

ABSTRACT

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar a reatividade vascular de agentes vasoconstritores presentes nas soluções anestésicas locais (Adrenalina - vasoconstrição e vasodilatação; Felipressina - vasoconstrição), nas doses de 80, 160, 320, 640 e 1280ng (adrenalina) ou 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4 x10-3UI (felipressina), em leito arterial mesentérico deratos normotensos, diabéticos, hipertensos renais um-rim, um-clip (1R-1C) e hipertensos1R-1C-diabéticos. E correlacionar tal reatividadecom expressão de RNAm dos receptores 1A e 2- adrenérgicos, V1A para vasopressina e AT1A, AT1Be AT2 para angiotensina II visando verificar se a hipertensão arterial e o diabetes mellitus provocam alteração em modelo indutivo e isogênico. Ratos Wistar pesando 110-160g, foram anestesiados com mistura de quetamina e xilazina (50+10mg/ml/kg de peso), tiveram seu abdômen aberto e receberam um clip de prata com abertura 0,25mm na artéria renal esquerda, removendo-se cirurgicamente o rim direito (ratos 1R-1C). Após 14 dias, receberam injeção subcutânea de estreptozotocina (50 e 60mg/kg de peso) para indução do diabetes mellitus sendo a glicemia testada pela veia caudal previamente aos experimentos (diabéticos). Após 30-42 dias da implantação do clip, todos os grupos foram novamente anestesiados e implantou-se cânula de polietileno (PE-50) na artéria carótida esquerda para registro direto da pressão arterial. Após registro da pressão os animais tiveram a artéria principal mesentérica exposta e canulada. O leito arterial mesentérico foi então isolado e colocado em banho com solução nutritiva de Krebs a 37ºC. O cateter foi conectado ao sistema de registro computadorizado (PowerLab®) utilizando software específico (Chart 5Pro ®). Analisaram-se: a pressão máxima (vasoconstrição) e mínima (vasodilatação), o tempo necessário para atingir esse valor, duração total da resposta, integral e integral sobre a linha de base. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguida do teste de Holm-Sidak (distribuição normal) ou de Mann-Whitney (nãoparamétrico), quando apropriado, nível de significância de 5%. Todas as respostas máximas de vasoconstrição apresentaram comportamento dose-dependente, contudo, para os quatro grupos estudados, a resposta vasoconstritora para adrenalina foi significativamente superior à felipressina (p<0,05). Diabetes e hipertensão reduziram a resposta vasoconstritora da adrenalina e da felipressina, valores de integral sobre a linha de base, respectivamente para grupo controle, diabético, hipertenso e hipertenso-diabético: 2462±465; 1511±236; 2542± 5456 e 3749±819mmHg.s (p<0,05) para adrenalina e 3749 ± 708; 746 ± 103; 1647 ± 422; 1359 ± 591 mmHg.s (p<0,05) para felipressina. Tanto o diabetes quanto a hipertensão, associadas ou não, aumentaram significativamente o tempo para atingir a pressão máxima de vasoconstrição e a duração (p<0,05). As artérias mesentéricas de ratos diabéticos, hipertensos e diabéticos-hipertensos apresentaram expressão significativamente aumentada dos receptores 1Aadrenérgico, AT1B e AT2 para angiotensina II (p<0,05), enquanto receptor AT1A estava com a expressão aumentada apenas nos grupos diabéticos. A expressão do receptor 1A-adrenérgico é discrepante com os achados funcionais, o que pode ser justificado pela fase crônica da doença em que a PCR foi realizada. É possível correlacionar os dados obtidos com a menor atividade vasoconstritora da felipressina observada clinicamente. A maior sensibilidade às moléculas vasoconstritoras pode explicar a maior tendência de pacientes diabéticos desenvolverem hipertensão. A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adrenalina é o vasoconstritor mais potente que a felipressina e ambas as moléculas tem seus efeitos reduzidos em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos, o que reforça a indicação de se utilizar anestésicos locais associados a vasoconstritores nestas populações.(AU)


The main goal of this study wasto evaluate and compare vasoconstrictor agents present in local anesthetic solutions (Epinephrine - vasoconstriction and vasodilation, Felypressin - vasoconstriction) vascular reactivity on mesenteric artery bed of normotensive, diabetic, renal hypertensive one-kidney-one-clip (1K1C) and hypertensive 1K1C diabetic rats. Dosagesstudied were 80, 160, 320, 640 and 1280ng (epinephrine) or 0,25; 0,5;1; 2 and 4 x 10-3UI (felypressin). Also, we aimed to correlate artery response with RNAm expression of 1A and 2-adrenoceptors, V1A vasopressin receptor and AT1A, AT1B e AT2 angiotensin receptors, in order to verify if arterial hypertension and diabetes can lead to alterations on a inductive and isogenic model. Wistar male rats weighing 110-160g were anaesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (50+10mg/ml/kg), had their abdominal cavity opened and a silver clipwith 0.25-mm gap was implanted in the main left kidney artery, the right kidney was surgically removed (1K1C-rats). After 14 days, they received a subcutaneous injection of streptozotocin (50 and 60 mg/ml/kg) for inducing diabetes, whereas the glycemia was tested via the tail vein prior to surgery (diabetic rats). Around 30-42 after the clip was implanted, all the groups were anaesthetized again and a polyethylene (PE-50) cannula was implanted on the left carotid artery for direct arterial pressure register. After registering the pressure, the animals had their main mesenteric artery exposed and cannulated. The mesenteric artery bed was then isolated and transferred to a bath with Krebs nutritive solution at 37ºC. The catheter was connected to the computer register system (PowerLab®) using a specific software (Chart 5Pro ®). The following parameters were analyzed: maximum (vasoconstriction) and minimal pressure (vasodilating), the amount of time necessary to achieve this number, total duration of the reaction, integral and integral over baseline. The data was submitted to analysis of variance of repeated measures (ANOVA), followed by a Holm-Sidak (normal distribution) test or Mann Whitney (parametrics) test when suitable, with a significance level of 5%. All maximum vasoconstriction results presented dosage-dependant behavior, however, for the four groups tested, the vasoconstrictive result for epinephrine was significantly superior to felypressin (p<0,05). Diabetes and hypertension significantly reducedepinephrine and felypressin vasoconstrictor responses, integral above baseline, respectively, for control, diabetic, hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic groups:2462±465; 1511±236; 2542± 5456 e 3749±819 mmHg.s (p<0.05, epinephrine) and 3749 ± 708; 746 ± 103; 1647 ± 422; 1359 ± 591 mmHg.s (p<0.05, felypressin). Both diabetes and hypertension, associated or not, significantly increased time necessary to achieve maximum vasoconstrictor response and its duration (p<0,05). Diabetic, hypertensive and hypertensive-diabetic mesenteric arteries presented 1A-adrenoceptor, AT1B and AT2 angiotensin II-receptor gene expression significantly increased when compared with control group (p<0,05), while AT1Areceptor presented this pattern only in diabetic groups.1A-adrenoceptor gene expression did not confirm functional data, probably due to chronic disease state in wich PCR was performed. A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se concluir que a adrenalina é o vasoconstritor mais potente que a felipressina e ambas as moléculas tem seus efeitos reduzidos em ratos hipertensos e diabéticos não tratados, o que reforça a indicação de se utilizar anestésicos locais associados a vasoconstritores nestas populações.Its possible to correlate our datawith reducedvasoconstrictor activity of felypressinin clinical use. Increased sensibility and receptor population for vasoconstrictor endogenous molecules could explain diabetic populations tendency to develop arterial hypertension. Our results suggest that epinephrine is more potent than felypressin and both vasoconstrictors presents reduced effects on diabetic and hypertensive patients, what reinforces vasoconstrictor associated with local anesthetic use in this population.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology , Epinephrine/pharmacology , Felypressin/pharmacology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/analysis , Angiotensin II/analysis , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/analysis , Time Factors , Vasoconstriction/drug effects , Vasopressins/analysis
14.
Rev. ADM ; 72(6): 290-298, nov.-dic. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-786686

ABSTRACT

El fracaso anestésico en odontología es un tema de constante investigación, ya que se presenta con frecuencia a la hora de realizar bloqueos del nervio alveolar inferior (BNAI) y en pacientes con pulpitis irreversible o procesos infecciosos. Son múltiples las causas que se han asociado al fracaso, entre las que destacan: factores anatómicos, bioquímicos, fisiológicos, patológicos, psicológicos, operatorios y aquellos relacionados con la solución anestésica per se. Una buena anestesia es un punto crítico a lograr en cualquier tratamiento dental y por eso se han propuesto diversas estrategias clínicas y farmacológicas como uso de técnicas suplementarias, utilización de dispositivos y coadyuvantes anestésicos, empleo de soluciones anestésicas distintas, modifi cación de los anestésicos, utilización de premedicación analgésica e incluso la aplicación local de analgésicos y otro tipo de fármacos; todo con el fin de compensar y tratar de disminuir el fracaso anestésico


Failures in anesthesia in dental practice are a topic of ongoing research due to the fact that these occur frequently when performing an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in patients with irreversible pulpitis or infectious processes. Multiple causes have been associated with this problem, including anatomical, biochemical and physiological, patho-logical, psychological, and operative factors, as well as issues related to the anesthetic solution itself. Good anesthesia is critical in any dental treatment that involves pain, which is why various clinical and pharmacological strategies have been proposed in order to decrease the likelihood of anesthetic failure (such as the use of supplementary techniques, devices and aids, alternative anesthetic solutions, changing anesthetics, analgesic premedication, and even the local application of analgesics and other drugs).


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, Dental/adverse effects , Nerve Block/adverse effects , Mandibular Nerve , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Drug Interactions , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
15.
Acta cir. bras ; 30(7): 484-490, 07/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-754985

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To study racemic bupivacaine, non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine on myocardial contractility. METHODS: Isolated Wistar papillary muscles were submitted to 50 and 100 mM racemic bupivacaine (B50 and B100), non-racemic bupivacaine (NR50 and NR100) and ropivacaine (R50 and R100) intoxication. Isometric contraction data were obtained in basal condition (0.2 Hz), after increasing the frequency of stimulation to 1.0 Hz and after 5, 10 and 15 min of local anesthetic intoxication. Data were analyzed as relative changes of variation. RESULTS: Developed tension was higher with R100 than B100 at D1 (4.3 ± 41.1 vs -57.9 ± 48.1). Resting tension was altered with B50 (-10.6 ± 23.8 vs -4.7 ± 5.0) and R50 (-14.0 ± 20.5 vs -0.5 ± 7.1) between D1 and D3. Maximum rate of tension development was lower with B100 (-56.6 ± 38.0) than R50 (-6.3 ± 37.9) and R100 (-1.9 ± 37.2) in D1. B50, B100 and NR100 modified the maximum rate of tension decline from D1 through D2. Time to peak tension was changed with NR50 between D1 and D2. CONCLUSIONS: Racemic bupivacaine depressed myocardial contractile force more than non-racemic bupivacaine and ropivacaine. Non-racemic and racemic bupivacaine caused myocardial relaxation impairment more than ropivacaine. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Amides/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Bupivacaine/chemistry , Depression, Chemical , Muscle Tonus/drug effects , Muscle Tonus/physiology , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Papillary Muscles/drug effects , Papillary Muscles/physiology , Rats, Wistar , Reference Values , Stereoisomerism , Time Factors
16.
São Paulo; s.n; 2015. 125 p. ilus, tab. (BR).
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-763791

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia anestésica da articaína 4%, da lidocaína 2%, ambas associadas à epinefrina 1:100.000, e da bupivacaína 0.5%, associada à epinefrina 1:200.000, durante pulpectomia em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores. Cento e cinco voluntários do Setor de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo receberam, aleatoriamente, 3,6mL de um dos anestésicos locais para o convencional bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). No caso de falha do BNAI, foram administrados 3,6mL da mesma solução como injeção complementar no ligamento periodontal. O sinal subjetivo de anestesia do lábio, a presença de anestesia pulpar e ausência de dor durante a pulpectomia foram avaliados, respectivamente, por indagação ao paciente, por meio do aparelho estimulador pulpar elétrico (pulp tester) e por uma escala analógica verbal. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, Kruskal Wallis e Razão de Verossimilhanças. Foi adotado nível de significância de 0,05 (P <= 0,05). Todos os pacientes reportaram anestesia no lábio após o BNAI. A lidocaína apresentou valores superiores (42,9%) para a anestesia pulpar após o BNAI e após a injeção no ligamento periodontal (61,5%). A bupivacaína apresentou valores superiores para a analgesia (80%) após o BNAI e a lidocaína (92,3%) após a injeção no ligamento periodontal. Após a falha do BNAI, a dor na câmara pulpar foi a mais frequente para articaína e lidocaína e na dentina para a bupivacaína e após a falha da injeção no ligamento periodontal, a dor foi similar para articaína nas diferentes regiões; câmara, canal e dentina; para a bupivacaína foi mais frequente na dentina e para a lidocaína no canal. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. Portanto as três soluções anestésicas locais se comportam de forma semelhante e não apresentam efetivo controle da dor no tratamento da pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores.


The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine both associated with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 0.5% bupivacaine associated with 1:200,000 epinephrine in patients with irreversible pulpitis of the mandibular molars during a pulpectomy procedure. One hundred and five volunteers from the Emergency Center of the School of Dentistry at University of São Paulo randomly received 3.6 mL of local anesthetic as a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The subjective signal of lip numbness, pulpal anesthesia and the absence of pain during the pulpectomy procedure were, respectively, evaluated by questioning the patient, stimulation using an electric pulp tester and a verbal analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis and likelihood rations. The level for significance of differences was P <= .05. All patients reported the subjective signal of lip numbness after the application of either IANB. Lidocaine showed higher values for pulpal anesthesia after the IANB (42.9%) and after injection in the periodontal ligament (61.5%). Bupivacaine presented higher values for analgesia after the IANB (80,0%) and lidocaine after injection in the periodontal ligament (92,3%). After the failure of the IANB, the pain in the pulp chamber was the most frequent to articaine and lidocaine and bupivacaine for dentin and after the failure of the periodontal ligament injection, the pain was equal to articaine in different regions, chamber, canal and dentin; for bupivacaine was greater in dentin and lidocaine was higher in the channel. However, these differences were not statistically significant. So the three local anesthetic solutions behave similarly and not present any effective pain control in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars.


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Dental/methods , Anesthesia, Dental , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/administration & dosage , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/adverse effects , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/therapeutic use , Pulpectomy
18.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 47(4): 328-333, 8/4/2014. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-705768

ABSTRACT

In cardiac and skeletal muscle, eugenol (μM range) blocks excitation-contraction coupling. In skeletal muscle, however, larger doses of eugenol (mM range) induce calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The effects of eugenol are therefore dependent on its concentration. In this study, we evaluated the effects of eugenol on the contractility of isolated, quiescent atrial trabeculae from male Wistar rats (250-300 g; n=131) and measured atrial ATP content. Eugenol (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mM) increased resting tension in a dose-dependent manner. Ryanodine [100 µM; a specific ryanodine receptor (RyR) blocker] and procaine (30 mM; a nonspecific RyR blocker) did not block the increased resting tension induced by eugenol regardless of whether extracellular calcium was present. The myosin-specific inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), however, reversed the increase in resting tension induced by eugenol. In Triton-skinned atrial trabeculae, in which all membranes were solubilized, eugenol did not change resting tension, maximum force produced, or the force vs pCa relationship (pCa=-log [Ca2+]). Given that eugenol reduced ATP concentration, the increase in resting tension observed in this study may have resulted from cooperative activation of cardiac thin filaments by strongly attached cross-bridges (rigor state).


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Calcium/physiology , Eugenol/pharmacology , Excitation Contraction Coupling/drug effects , Heart Atria/drug effects , Muscle Strength/drug effects , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Adenosine Triphosphate/analysis , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Eugenol/administration & dosage , In Vitro Techniques , Luciferases , Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects , Procaine/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Ryanodine/pharmacology
19.
Braz. oral res ; 27(6): 455-462, Nov-Dec/2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-695993

ABSTRACT

Opioids are central analgesics that act on the CNS (central nervous system) and PNS (peripheral nervous system). We investigated the effects of codeine (COD) and tramadol (TRAM) on local anesthesia of the sciatic nerve. Eighty Wistar male rats received the following SC injections in the popliteal fossa: local anesthetic with epinephrine (LA); local anesthetic without vasoconstrictor (LA WV); COD; TRAM; LA + COD; LA + TRAM; COD 20 minutes prior to LA (COD 20' + LA) or TRAM 20 minutes prior to LA (TRAM 20' + LA). As a nociceptive function, the blockade was considered the absence of a paw withdraw reflex. As a motor function, it was the absence of claudication. As a proprioceptive function, it was the absence of hopping and tactile responses. All data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Opioids showed a significant increase in the level of anesthesia, and the blockade duration of LA + COD was greater than that of the remaining groups (p < 0.05). The associated use of opioids improved anesthesia efficacy. This could lead to a new perspective in controlling dental pain.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Adjuvants, Anesthesia/pharmacology , Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology , Anesthesia, Local/methods , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Codeine/pharmacology , Tramadol/pharmacology , Drug Synergism , Nerve Block/methods , Pain , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Reflex/drug effects , Sciatic Nerve/drug effects , Time Factors
20.
Acta cir. bras ; 28(11): 774-777, Nov. 2013.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-695957

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess the probable actions of ropivacaine, 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine mixture (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine on neuromuscular transmission in vitro. METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into groups (n=5) according to the drug used: ropivacaine, bupivacaine (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine. The concentration used for the three local anesthetics (LA) was 5 µg.mL.-1The following parameters were evaluated: 1) LA effects on membrane potential (MP) and miniature end plate potential (MEPP). A chick biventer cervicis preparation was also used to evaluate LA effects on the contracture response to acetylcholine. RESULTS: LA did not alter MP values and decreased the frequency and amplitude of MEPP. In a chick biventer cervicis preparation, bupivacaine (S75-R25) and levobupivacaine decreased the contracture response to acetylcholine with statistical significance, in comparison to ropivacaine. CONCLUSIONS: In the concentrations used, levobupivacaine and bupivacaine (S75-R25) exhibited presynaptic and postsynaptic actions evidenced by alterations in miniature end plate potentials and contracture response to acetylcholine. Ropivacaine only had a presynaptic action.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Amides/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Bupivacaine/analogs & derivatives , Bupivacaine/pharmacology , Synapses/drug effects , Synaptic Transmission/drug effects , Acetylcholine/administration & dosage , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Amides/administration & dosage , Anesthetics, Local/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Membrane Potentials/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Synapses/physiology , Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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